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A
khedive (from
Persian: "lord";
Arabic:
خديوي ) is a title of high, ministerial rank in the Ottoman Empire, first, and nearly exclusively, used by
Muhammad Ali Pasha and his subsequent line of dynastic successors, who ruled
Egypt and
Sudan from 1805 to 1914.
Muhammad Ali Pasha (c. 1769 - 1849) assumed the title when he took power in 1805. As a general (with the high rank of
pasha) of the Ottoman Empire, he'd driven
Napoleon Bonaparte from Egypt and set himself as a practically independent
monarch in all but name. Officially, he and his succeeding heirs held the title as as Ottoman
Governor (also known as
Viceroy) tributary of
Egypt and
Sudan to the
Ottoman Empire, though in reality the writ of the
Porte (the Ottoman court) didn't extend to Egypt after Muhammad Ali seized power in 1805. The Empire didn't recognize the dynasty's claim to the title until 1867. In 1914, Khedive Abbas II was deposed and his uncle, Husayn, became
sultan in his place, ending the khedival style of the Egyptian rulers. Muhammad Ali's dynasty, however, continued through Husayn until 1952.
Etymology
This title, known for its use by the
Muhammad Ali Dynasty of Egypt and Sudan, is recorded in English since 1867, derived via the French
khédive from Turkish
khidiv, from Persian
khidiw "prince," derivative of
khuda "master, prince," from
Old Persian khvadata- "lord," from the compound
khvat-data-, literally "created from oneself," from
khvat- (from the Proto-IndoEuropean root
swe-tos "from oneself," ablative of base
s(w)e-; see idiom) +
data- "created."
Egypt from Muhammad Ali to Abbas II
Following the
French invasion of Egypt in 1798, and
Napoleon's defeat of the
Mamluks, the
Ottoman Empire dispatched Albanian troops under the command of Muhammad Ali to restore the Empire's authority in what had hitherto been an Ottoman province. However, upon the French defeat and departure, Muhammad Ali
seized control of the country and declared himself ruler of Egypt, quickly consolidating an independent local powerbase. After repeated failed attempts to remove and kill him, in 1805, the
Porte officially recognized Muhammad Ali as
Pasha and
Wali (Governor) of Egypt. However, demonstrating his grander ambitions, he claimed for himself the higher Ottoman title of Khedive, as did his successors,
Ibrahim Pasha,
Abbas I and
Sa'id I.
The
Muhammad Ali Dynasty’s use of the title Khedive wasn't sanctioned by the Ottoman Empire until
1867,when
Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz officially recognized it as the title of
Ismail Pasha. Moreover, the
Porte accepted Ismail's alteration of the royal line of succession to go from father to son, rather than brother to brother as was the tradition in the
Arab World and the Ottoman Empire. In 1879, the
Great Powers forced the abdication and exile of Ismail in favor of his son
Tewfik who succeeded him as Khedive.
After the nationalist
Urabi Revolt of
1882,
Britain invaded Egypt in support of Tewfik, and would continue to occupy and dominate the country for decades. During this period, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty under Tewfik and his son
Abbas II continued to rule Egypt and Sudan using the title Khedive, whilst still nominally under Ottoman sovereignty. With the outbreak of the
First World War, Abbas sided with the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on the side of the
Central Powers, and was subsequently deposed by the British, who declared Egypt a
protectorate. Abbas was replaced by his uncle
Husayn who took the sovereign title
Sultan, thereby ending the use of the title Khedive.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Khedive'.
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